When rapid nighttime ______ in a valley occurs, what effect can it have on pollutants like ozone?

When rapid nighttime cooling occurs in a valley, it can significantly impact the dispersion of pollutants like ozone. At night, temperatures typically drop, and this cooling effect can lead to the formation of temperature inversions. In these conditions, a layer of warm air traps cooler air (and any pollutants within it) in the valley, preventing the pollutants from dispersing into the atmosphere.

As a result, instead of being diluted or carried away, the concentration of pollutants can increase near the ground level. This accumulation can exacerbate air quality issues, making it especially important to understand how topographical features and nighttime temperature changes influence pollution dynamics. The formation of such inversions is crucial in valleys where topographical confinement can enhance the effects of cooling on air quality.