What component of air pollution is primarily associated with respiratory issues at ground level?

Ozone is a significant component of air pollution that is primarily associated with respiratory issues at ground level. When sunlight reacts with pollutants like volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides, ozone is formed in the lower atmosphere, particularly on hot sunny days. Ground-level ozone can irritate the respiratory system, leading to problems such as coughing, throat irritation, and exacerbation of asthma and other lung diseases. Its presence in urban areas where vehicle emissions and industrial activities are common poses a particular risk to vulnerable populations, including children and individuals with preexisting health conditions.

Understanding ozone's formation and effects highlights the importance of monitoring air quality, especially during warmer months when its concentrations can rise. While carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide certainly contribute to air quality issues and can influence respiratory health, ground-level ozone is particularly noted for its immediate effects on breathing and lung function in the context of urban air pollution.