What are two major health consequences of long-term exposure to air pollution?

Long-term exposure to air pollution is strongly linked to chronic health issues, particularly chronic respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems. The fine particulate matter and various pollutants present in the air can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream. This can lead to respiratory issues such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and lung cancer. Additionally, air pollution is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes, as it can cause inflammation and oxidative stress within the cardiovascular system.

The other options focus on more immediate or less severe health issues. While headaches, fatigue, skin irritation, allergic reactions, vision impairment, and dizziness can be symptomatic of air pollution exposure, they do not represent the severe, long-term health consequences that chronic respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems do. The sustained effects of pollutants on the body's systems are more closely associated with the serious conditions outlined in the correct answer.